Working with Databases in Python

Databases are essential for storing, retrieving, and managing structured data in nearly every software application. Python, with its simplicity and flexibility, offers a wide range of libraries and tools for interacting with various types of databases, from lightweight options like SQLite to enterprise-grade solutions like MySQL and PostgreSQL.

In this chapter, we will cover:

• Introduction to databases and SQL
• SQLite (built-in database)
• MySQL and PostgreSQL integration
• Object Relational Mapping (ORM) with SQLAlchemy
• Best practices for database handling
• Real-world examples

1. Introduction to Databases

A database is a structured collection of data. It can be managed using a Database Management System (DBMS). Most applications use Relational Databases that store data in tables with rows and columns.

Key Concepts:

• Tables: Structure to hold data.
• Rows: Records in a table.
• Columns: Fields (attributes).
• Primary Key: Unique identifier.
• Foreign Key: Reference to another table.

SQL Basics:

SQL (Structured Query Language) is used for managing data:

CREATE TABLE students (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT);
INSERT INTO students VALUES (1, 'Alice');
SELECT * FROM students;
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

2. Using SQLite in Python

SQLite is a lightweight, file-based database included with Python.

Benefits:

• No separate server required
• Great for prototyping and small apps

Importing sqlite3:

import sqlite3
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Creating a Connection:

conn = sqlite3.connect("students.db")
cursor = conn.cursor()
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Creating a Table:

cursor.execute('''CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS students (
    id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    name TEXT,
    age INTEGER
)''')
Code language: PHP (php)

Inserting Data:

cursor.execute("INSERT INTO students (name, age) VALUES (?, ?)", ("Alice", 22))
conn.commit()
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Fetching Data:

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
rows = cursor.fetchall()
for row in rows:
    print(row)
Code language: PHP (php)

Closing Connection:

conn.close()
Code language: CSS (css)

3. Using MySQL in Python

For larger applications, MySQL is often used. You’ll need the mysql-connector-python library.

Installation:

pip install mysql-connector-python

Connecting to MySQL:

import mysql.connector
conn = mysql.connector.connect(
    host="localhost",
    user="root",
    password="yourpassword",
    database="school"
)
cursor = conn.cursor()
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

CRUD Operations:

cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
print(cursor.fetchall())
Code language: CSS (css)

Use conn.commit() after insert/update/delete and conn.close() to terminate.

4. Using PostgreSQL in Python

PostgreSQL is an advanced open-source relational DB. Use psycopg2 to connect.

Installation:

pip install psycopg2-binary

Connection:

import psycopg2
conn = psycopg2.connect(
    dbname="school",
    user="postgres",
    password="password",
    host="localhost"
)
cursor = conn.cursor()
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Same CRUD operations can be performed using SQL queries.

5. Using SQLAlchemy (ORM)

SQLAlchemy allows interaction with databases using Python classes instead of raw SQL.

Installation:

pip install sqlalchemy

Creating a Model:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()

class Student(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'students'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String)
    age = Column(Integer)

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///students.db')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

Inserting:

new_student = Student(name="Bob", age=23)
session.add(new_student)
session.commit()
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

Querying:

for student in session.query(Student):
    print(student.name)
Code language: CSS (css)

Benefits of ORM:

• Cleaner, readable code
• No need to write raw SQL
• Easier migrations

6. Database Best Practices

• Always close connections
• Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection
• Log and handle exceptions
• Normalize your database schema
• Use connection pools in production apps
• Keep database credentials secure

7. Handling Exceptions

Database operations can fail; always wrap them in try-except blocks:

try:
    conn = sqlite3.connect("students.db")
    cursor = conn.cursor()
    cursor.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
except Exception as e:
    print("Error:", e)
finally:
    conn.close()
Code language: PHP (php)

8. Real-World Project Example

Student Management System:

1. Backend in Python using Flask
2. Database using SQLite or MySQL
3. Features:
   • Add/View/Delete students
   • Store marks, attendance

Code Outline:

@app.route("/students")
def get_students():
    conn = sqlite3.connect("students.db")
    cur = conn.cursor()
    cur.execute("SELECT * FROM students")
    return jsonify(cur.fetchall())
Code language: JavaScript (javascript)

9. Tools and Resources

• DBeaver / MySQL Workbench / pgAdmin: GUI tools for managing DBs
• Alembic: For schema migrations in SQLAlchemy
• SQLiteStudio: For SQLite database inspection

10. Summary

Database integration is a core skill for any backend or full-stack Python developer. Python makes it simple to connect and interact with a wide variety of databases, from local lightweight databases to powerful enterprise-level systems. This chapter introduced you to:

• Writing SQL queries
• Using SQLite for quick data storage
• Connecting Python to MySQL/PostgreSQL
• Using ORM with SQLAlchemy
• Best practices and real-world applications

✅ Next Chapter: Python and APIs – Learn how to build and consume RESTful APIs with Python.